| # | Concept | Culture | Statement | Freq. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | maternity leave | Japan | Culturally expected, but long working hours and social pressure often lead to underutilization of available maternity leave | 1 |
| 2 | parental leave | Japan | Limited parental leave and stronger focus on individual responsibility | 1 |
| 3 | paternity leave | Japan | Paternity leave is less commonly taken and may be subject to cultural stigma or workplace pressure. | 1 |