| # | Concept | Culture | Statement | Freq. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | bastard | Western culture | Historically considered illegitimate child and may face social stigma or legal disadvantages | 1 |
| 2 | bastard | Western culture | Historically, being born out of wedlock was stigmatized in Western culture, and illegitimate children were often discriminated against. | 1 |
| 3 | bastard | Western cultures | Historically considered derogatory and stigmatizing to be born out of wedlock. | 1 |